Beta- and gamma-amino-isoquinoline amide compounds and substituted benzamide compounds

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are beta and gamma-amino isoquinoline amide compounds and substituted benzamide compounds. In particular, the invention provides compounds that affect the function of kinases in a cell and that are useful as therapeutic agents or with therapeutic agents. The compounds of the invention are useful in the treatment of a variety of diseases and conditions including eye diseases such as glaucoma, cardiovascular diseases, and diseases characterized by abnormal growth, such as cancers. The invention further provides compositions containing the beta or gamma-amino isoquinoline amide compounds or substituted benzamide compounds.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to beta and gamma-amino isoquinoline amidecompounds and substituted benzamide compounds that affect the functionof kinases in a cell and that are useful as therapeutic agents or withtherapeutic agents. In particular, these compounds are useful in thetreatment of eye diseases such as glaucoma, for the treatment ofcardiovascular diseases, and for diseases characterized by abnormalgrowth, such as cancers.

BACKGROUND

A variety of hormones, neurotransmitters and biologically activesubstances control, regulate or adjust the functions of living bodiesvia specific receptors located in cell membranes. Many of thesereceptors mediate the transmission of intracellular signals byactivating guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) to which thereceptor is coupled. Such receptors are generically referred to asG-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and include, among others,α-adrenergic receptors, β-adrenergic receptors, opioid receptors,cannabinoid receptors and prostaglandin receptors. The biologicaleffects of activating these receptors is not direct but is mediated by ahost of intracellular proteins. The importance of these secondaryproteins has only recently been recognized and investigated asintervention points in disease states. One of the most important classesof these downstream effectors is the “kinase” class.

The various kinases thus play important roles in the regulation ofvarious physiological functions. For example, kinases have beenimplicated in a number of disease states, including, but not limited to:cardiac indications such as angina pectoris, essential hypertension,myocardial infarction, supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias,congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, renal failure, diabetes,respiratory indications such as asthma, chronic bronchitis,bronchospasm, emphysema, airway obstruction, upper respiratoryindications such as rhinitis, seasonal allergies, inflammatory disease,inflammation in response to injury, rheumatoid arthritis. The importanceof p38 MAPK inhibitors in particular as new drugs for rheumatoidarthritis is reflected by the large number of compounds that has beendeveloped over the last years (J. Westra and P. C. Limburg Mini-Reviewsin Medicinal Chemistry Volume 6, Number 8, August 2006). Otherconditions include chronic inflammatory bowel disease, glaucoma,hypergastrinemia, gastrointestinal indications such as acid/pepticdisorder, erosive esophagitis, gastrointestinal hypersecretion,mastocytosis, gastrointestinal reflux, peptic ulcer, Zollinger-Ellisonsyndrome, pain, obesity, bulimia nervosa, depression,obsessive-compulsive disorder, organ malformations (e.g., cardiacmalformations), neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's Diseaseand Alzheimer's Disease, multiple sclerosis, Epstein-Barr infection andcancer (Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2002, 1: 493-502). In otherdisease states, the role of kinases is only now becoming clear. Theretina is a complex tissue composed of multiple interconnected celllayers, highly specialized for transforming light and color intoelectrical signals that are perceived by the brain. Damage or death ofthe primary light-sensing cells, the photoreceptors, results indevastating effects on vision. Despite the identification of numerousmutations that cause inherited retinal degenerations, the cellular andmolecular mechanisms leading from the primary mutations to photoreceptorapoptosis are not well understood, but may involve the wnt pathway (A SHackam “The Wnt Signaling Pathway in Retinal Degeneration” IUBMB LifeVolume 57, Number 6/June 2005).

The success of the tyrosine-kinase inhibitor ST1571 (Gleevec) in thetreatment of chronic myelogenous leukaemia (Nature Reviews DrugDiscovery 2003, 2: 296-313) has spurred considerable efforts to developother kinase inhibitors for the treatment of a wide range of othercancers (Nature Reviews Cancer 2003, 3: 650-665). The balance betweenthe initiation and the inactivation of intracellular signals determinesthe intensity and duration of the response of the receptors to stimulisuch as agonists. When desensitization occurs, the mediation orregulation of the physiological function mediated or regulated by the Gproteins to which the receptors are coupled is reduced or prevented. Forexample, when agonists are administered to treat a disease or conditionby activation of certain receptors, the receptors relatively quicklybecome desensitized from the action of the GRKs such that agonistadministration may no longer result in therapeutic activation of theappropriate receptors. At that point, administration of the agonist nolonger enables sufficient or effective control of or influence on thedisease or condition intended to be treated.

In view of the role that kinases have in many disease states, there isan urgent and continuing need for small molecule ligands which inhibitor modulate the activity of kinases. Without wishing to be bound bytheory, it is thought that modulation of the activity of kinases by thecompounds of the present invention is responsible for their beneficialeffects.

SUMMARY

In a first aspect of the invention, a compound is provided according toFormula I:

-   wherein R₁ and R₂ are, independently, hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄    alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino, C₁-C₄    alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl, C₁-C₄ sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl or    C₁-C₄ carboxyl; or R₁ and R₂ combine to form a heterocycloalkyl ring    of at least 5 and at most 8 member atoms, or R₁ and R₃ combine to    form a heterocycloalkyl ring of at least 5 and at most 8 member    atoms; and-   wherein one of R₃ and R₄ is an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a    cycloalkyl group, a heterocycloalkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈    alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, and the other of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen or    C₁-C₄ alkyl, the stereocenters being either ‘R’ or ‘S’ in    configuration independently; and-   wherein X₁ and X₂ are, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen,    C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, amino, nitro, cyano,    C₁-C₄ carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl,    C₁-C₄ sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl or C₁-C₄ carboxyl.

In a second aspect of the invention, a compound is provided according toFormula II:

-   wherein R₁ and R₂ are, independently, hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄    alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino, C₁-C₄    alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl, C₁-C₄ sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl or    C₁-C₄ carboxyl; or R₁ and R₂ combine to form a heterocycloalkyl ring    of at least 5 and at most 8 member atoms; or R₁ and R₃ combine to    form a heterocycloalkyl ring of at least 5 and at least 8 member    atoms; and-   wherein one of R₃, R₄ and R₅ is an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a    cycloalkyl group, a heterocycloalkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈    alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, and the other two of R₃, R₄ and R₅ are,    independently, hydrogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl, the stereocenters being    either ‘R’ or ‘S’ in configuration independently; and-   wherein X₁ and X₂ are, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen,    C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, amino, nitro, cyano,    C₁-C₄ carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl,    C₁-C₄ sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl or C₁-C₄ carboxyl.

In a third aspect of the invention, a compound is provided according toFormula III:

-   wherein R₁, R₂ and R₄ are, independently, hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl,    C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino,    C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl, C₁-C₄ sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl    or C₁-C₄ carboxyl; or R₁ and R₂ combine to form an alkyl or    heteroalkyl ring of at least 5 and at most 8 member atoms, or R₁ and    R₃ combine to form an alkyl or heteroalkyl ring of at least 5 and at    most 8 member atoms; and-   wherein one of the R₃ groups is an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a    cycloalkyl group, a heterocycloalkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈    alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, and the other R₃ groups are, independently,    hydrogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl, the stereocenters being either ‘R’ or ‘S’    in configuration independently; and-   wherein n is 1 to 4; and-   wherein, X₁ and X₂ are, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen,    C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, amino, nitro, cyano,    C₁-C₄ carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl,    C₁-C₄ sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl or C₁-C₄ carboxyl.

In another aspect of the invention, a composition is provided,comprising a compound according to Formula I, II, or III as describedabove, and a carrier.

In yet a further aspect of the invention, a method of treating a diseaseis provided, comprising administering to a subject in need of treatmenteffective amount of a compound according to Formula I, II, or III asdescribed above, wherein the disease is selected from the groupconsisting of eye disease, bone disorder, obesity, heart disease,hepatic disease, renal disease, pancreatitis, cancer, myocardialinfarct, gastric disturbance, hypertension, fertility control, disordersof hair growth, nasal congestion, neurogenic bladder disorder,gastrointestinal disorder, and dermatological disorder.

In another aspect of the invention, a method of modulating kinaseactivity is provided, comprising contacting a cell with a compoundaccording to the Formula I, II or III in an amount effective to modulatekinase activity

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Publications and patents are referred to throughout this disclosure. AllU.S. patents cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference. Allpercentages, ratios, and proportions used herein are percent by weightunless otherwise specified.

Beta- and gamma-amino isoquinolines and benzamides are provided.

“Alkyl” refers to a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon including straightchain and branched chain groups. “Alkyl” may be exemplified by groupssuch as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl and the like. Alkylgroups may be substituted or unsubstituted. More than one substituentmay be present. Substituents may also be themselves substituted. Whensubstituted, the substituent group is preferably but not limited toC₁-C₄ alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, imino, cyano, halogen, alkoxy orhydroxyl. “C₁-C₄ alkyl” refers to alkyl groups containing one to fourcarbon atoms.

“Alkenyl” refers to an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon moietyincluding straight chain and branched chain groups. Alkenyl moietiesmust contain at least one alkene. “Alkenyl” may be exemplified by groupssuch as ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-butenyl and the like.Alkenyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. More than onesubstituent may be present. When substituted, the substituent group ispreferably alkyl, halogen or alkoxy. Substitutients may also bethemselves substituted. Substituents can be placed on the alkene itselfand also on the adjacent member atoms or the alkynyl moiety. “C₂-C₄alkenyl” refers to alkenyl groups containing two to four carbon atoms.

“Alkynyl” refers to an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon moietyincluding straight chain and branched chain groups. Alkynyl moietiesmust contain at least one alkene. “Alkynyl” may be exemplified by groupssuch as ethynyl, propynyl, n-butynyl and the like. Alkynyl groups may besubstituted or unsubstituted. More than one substituent may be present.When substituted, the substituent group is preferably alkyl, amino,cyano, halogen, alkoxyl or hydroxyl. Substituents may also be themselvessubstituted. Substituents are not on the alkene itself but on theadjacent member atoms of the alkynyl moiety. “C₂-C₄ alkynyl” refers toalkynyl groups containing two to four carbon atoms.

“Acyl” or “carbonyl” refers to the group —C(O)R wherein R is alkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclic, heterocarbocyclic;C₁-C₄ alkyl aryl or C₁-C₄ alkyl heteroaryl. C₁-C₄ alkylcarbonyl refersto a group wherein the carbonyl moiety is preceded by an alkyl chain of1-4 carbon atoms.

“Alkoxy” refers to the group —O—R wherein R is acyl, alkyl alkenyl,alkyl alkynyl, aryl, carbocyclic; heterocarbocyclic; heteroaryl, C₁-C₄alkyl aryl or C₁-C₄ alkyl heteroaryl.

“Amino” refers to the group —NR′R′ wherein each R′ is, independently,hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₄ alkyl aryl or C₁-C₄ alkylheteroaryl. The two R′ groups may themselves be linked to form a ring.The R′ groups may themselves be further substituted, in which case thegroup also known as guanidinyl is specifically contemplated under theterm ‘amino”.

“Aryl” refers to an aromatic carbocyclic group. “Aryl” may beexemplified by phenyl. The aryl group may be substituted orunsubstituted. More than one substituent may be present. Substituentsmay also be themselves substituted. When substituted, the substituentgroup is preferably but not limited to heteroaryl; acyl, carboxyl,carbonylamino, nitro, amino, cyano, halogen, or hydroxyl.

“Carboxyl” refers to the group —C(═O)O—C₁-C₄ alkyl.

“Carbonyl” refers to the group —C(O)R wherein each R is, independently,hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl; heteroaryl, C₁-C₄alkyl aryl or C₁_k -C₄ alkyl heteroaryl.

“Carbonylamino” refers to the group —C(O)NR′R′ wherein each R′ is,independently, hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl;heteroaryl, C₁-C₄ alkyl aryl or C₁-C₄ alkyl heteroaryl. The two R′groups may themselves be linked to form a ring.

“C₁-C₄ alkyl aryl” refers to C₁-C₄ alkyl groups having an arylsubstituent such that the aryl substituent is bonded through an alkylgroup. “C₁-C₄ alkyl aryl” may be exemplified by benzyl.

“C₁-C₄ alkyl heteroaryl” refers to C₁-C₄ alkyl groups having aheteroaryl substituent such that the heteroaryl substituent is bondedthrough an alkyl group.

“Carbocyclic group” or “cycloalkyl” means a monovalent saturated orunsaturated hydrocarbon ring. Carbocyclic groups are monocyclic, or arefused, spiro, or bridged bicyclic ring systems. Monocyclic carbocyclicgroups contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 7 carbon atoms, andmore preferably 5 to 6 carbon atoms in the ring. Bicyclic carbocyclicgroups contain 8 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 9 to 10 carbon atoms inthe ring. Carbocyclic groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. Morethan one substituent may be present. Substituents may also be themselvessubstituted. Preferred carbocyclic groups include cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptyl. Morepreferred carbocyclic groups include cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl. Themost preferred carbocyclic group is cyclopropyl. Carbocyclic groups arenot aromatic.

“Halogen” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo moieties. Preferably,the halogen is fluoro, chloro, or bromo.

“Heteroaryl” or “heteroaromatic” refers to a monocyclic or bicyclicaromatic carbocyclic radical having one or more heteroatoms in thecarbocyclic ring. Heteroaryl may be substituted or unsubstituted. Morethan one substituent may be present. When substituted, the substituentsmay themselves be substituted. Preferred but non limiting substituentsare aryl, C₁-C₄ alkylaryl, amino, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro,carboxyl, carbonylamino, or C₁-C₄ alkyl. Preferred heteroaromatic groupsinclude tetrazoyl, triazolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, purinyl, pyrimidyl,pyridyl, and furanyl. More preferred heteroaromatic groups includebenzothiofuranyl; thienyl, furanyl, tetrazoyl, triazolyl, and pyridyl.

“Heteroatom” means an atom other than carbon in the ring of aheterocyclic group or a heteroaromatic group or the chain of aheterogeneous group. Preferably, heteroatoms are selected from the groupconsisting of nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen atoms. Groups containing morethan one heteroatom may contain different heteroatoms.

“Heterocarbocyclic group” or “heterocycloalkyl” or “heterocyclic” meansa monovalent saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring containing atleast one heteroatom. Heterocarbocyclic groups are monocyclic, or arefused, spiro, or bridged bicyclic ring systems. Monocyclicheterocarbocyclic groups contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 7carbon atoms, and more preferably 5 to 6 carbon atoms in the ring.Bicyclic heterocarbocyclic groups contain 8 to 12 carbon atoms,preferably 9 to 10 carbon atoms in the ring. Heterocarbocyclic groupsmay be substituted or unsubstituted. More than one substituent may bepresent. Substituents may also be themselves substituted. Preferredheterocarbocyclic groups include epoxy, tetrahydrofuranyl,azacyclopentyl, azacyclohexyl, piperidyl, and homopiperidyl. Morepreferred heterocarbocyclic groups include piperidyl, and homopiperidyl.The most preferred heterocarbocyclic group is piperidyl.Heterocarbocyclic groups are not aromatic.

“Hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” means a chemical entity that consists of —OH.Alcohols contain hydroxy groups. Hydroxy groups may be free orprotected. An alternative name for hydroxy is hydroxyl.

“Linker” means a linear chain of n member atoms where n is an integer offrom 1 to 4.

“Member atom” means a carbon, nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom. Memberatoms may be substituted up to their normal valence. If substitution isnot specified the substituents required for valency are hydrogen.

“Ring” means a collection of member atoms that are cyclic. Rings may becarbocyclic, aromatic, or heterocyclic or heteroaromatic, and may besubstituted or unsubstituted, and may be saturated or unsaturated. Morethan one substituent may be present. Ring junctions with the main chainmay be fused or spirocyclic. Rings may be monocyclic or bicyclic. Ringscontain at least 3 member atoms and at most 10 member atoms. Monocyclicrings may contain 3 to 7 member atoms and bicyclic rings may containfrom 8 to 12 member atoms. Bicyclic rings themselves may be fused orspirocyclic.

“Thioalkyl” refers to the group —S-alkyl.

“Sulfonyl” refers to the —S(O)₂R′ group wherein R′ is alkoxy, alkyl,aryl, carbocyclic, heterocarbocyclic; heteroaryl, C₁-C₄ alkyl aryl orC₁-C₄ alkyl heteroaryl.

“Sulfonylamino” refers to the —S(O)₂NR′R′ group wherein each R′ isindependently alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₄ alkyl aryl or C₁-C₄ alkylheteroaryl.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means a carrier that is useful forthe preparation of a pharmaceutical composition that is: generallycompatible with the other ingredients of the composition, notdeleterious to the recipient, and neither biologically nor otherwiseundesirable. “A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes both oneand more than one carrier. Embodiments include carriers for topical,ocular, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal intramuscular,sublingual, nasal and oral administration. “Pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier” also includes agents for preparation of aqueous dispersions andsterile powders for injection or dispersions.

“Excipient” as used herein includes physiologically compatible additivesuseful in preparation of a pharmaceutical composition. Examples ofpharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients can for example befound in Remington Pharmaceutical Science, 16^(th) Ed.

“Therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to a dosage ofthe compounds or compositions effective for influencing, reducing orinhibiting the activity of or preventing activation of a kinase. Thisterm as used herein may also refer to an amount effective at bringingabout a desired in vivo effect in an animal, preferably, a human, suchas reduction in intraocular pressure.

“Administering” as used herein refers to administration of the compoundsas needed to achieve the desired effect.

“Eye disease” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, glaucoma,allergy, cancers of the eye, neurodegenerative diseases of the eye, anddry eye.

The term “disease or condition associated with kinase activity” is usedto mean a disease or condition treatable, in whole or in part, byinhibition of one or more kinases.

The term “controlling the disease or condition” is used to mean changingthe activity of one or more kinases to affect the disease or condition.

The term “contacting a cell” is used to mean contacting a cell in vitroor in vivo (i.e. in a subject, such as a mammal, including humans,rabbits, cats and dogs).

The beta-amino isoquinoline amide compounds may be represented byFormula I:

-   wherein R₁ and R₂ are, independently, hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄    alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino, C₁-C₄    alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl, C₁-C₄ sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl or    C₁-C₄ carboxyl; or R₁ and R₂ combine to form a heterocycloalkyl ring    of at least 5 and at most 8 member atoms, or R₁ and R₃ combine to    form a heterocycloalkyl ring of at least 5 and at most 8 member    atoms; and-   wherein one of R₃ and R₄ is an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a    cycloalkyl group, a heterocycloalkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈    alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, and the other of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen or    C₁-C₄ alkyl, the stereocenters being either ‘R’ or ‘S’ in    configuration independently,-   wherein X₁ and X₂ are, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen,    C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, amino, nitro, cyano,    C₁-C₄ carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl,    C₁-C₄ sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl or C₁-C₄ carboxyl.

In a preferred embodiment of Formula I, R₁ and R₂ are methyl groups orhydrogens, R₄ is an aryl or heteroaryl group and R₃ and X₂ are hydrogen.In another preferred embodiment of Formula I, R₁ is a cycloalkyl group,and R₂ is hydrogen and R₃ are methyl and X₁ is a hydroxyl group.

The gamma-amino isoquinoline amide compounds may be represented byFormula II:

-   wherein R₁ and R₂ are, independently, hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄    alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino, C₁-C₄    alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl, C₁-C₄ sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl or    C₁-C₄ carboxyl; or R₁ and R₂ combine to form a heterocycloalkyl ring    of at least 5 and at most 8 member atoms; and-   wherein one of R₃, R₄ and R₅ is an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a    cycloalkyl group, a heterocycloalkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈    alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, and the other two of R₃, R₄ and R₅ are,    independently, hydrogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl, the stereocenters being    either ‘R’ or ‘S’ in configuration independently; and-   wherein X₁ and X₂ are, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen,    C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, amino, nitro, cyano,    C₁-C₄ carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl,    C₁-C₄ sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl or C₁-C₄ carboxyl.

In a preferred embodiment of Formula II, R₁ and R₂ are methyl groups orhydrogens, R₄ is an aryl or heteroaryl group and R₃ and X₂ are hydrogen.In another preferred embodiment of Formula II, R₁ is a cycloalkyl group,and R₂ is a hydrogen and R₃ are methyl and X₁ is a hydroxyl group.

The benzamide compounds may be represented by Formula III:

-   wherein R₁, R₂ and R₄ are, independently, hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl,    C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino,    C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl, C₁-C₄ sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl    or C₁-C₄ carboxyl; or R₁ and R₂ combine to form a heterocycloalkyl    ring of at least 5 and at most 8 member atoms, or R₁ and R₃ combine    to form a heterocycloalkyl ring of at least 5 and at most 8 member    atoms; and-   wherein one of the R₃ groups is an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a    cycloalkyl group, a heterocycloalkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈    alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, and the other R₃ groups are, independently,    hydrogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl, the stereocenters being either ‘R’ or ‘S’    in configuration independently; and-   wherein n is 1 to 4; and-   wherein X₁ and X₂ are, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen,    C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, amino, nitro, cyano,    C₁-C₄ carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl,    C₁-C₄ sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl or C₁-C₄ carboxyl.

In a preferred embodiment of Formula III, R₁ and R₂ are methyl groups orhydrogens, R₃ is an aryl or heteroaryl group and R₄ and X₂ are hydrogen.In another preferred embodiment of Formula III, R₁ is a cycloalkylgroup, and R₂ is a hydrogen and R₃ are methyl and X₁ is a fluoride or ahydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula III, n is 1 to 3. Alternatively, n is 2.

The beta or gamma-amino isoquinoline amide or substituted benzamidecompounds may be synthesized by the general Schemes 1-7 set forth below:

According to Scheme 1, the selected acid (S1) is reduced with anappropriate agent such as borane then activated as the tosylate to formthe desired intermediate (S2). The tosylate (S2) is reacted with thesodium cyanide in DMSO to generate the nitrile (S3) directly which isthen hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to form the one-carbon longeramino acid (S4). Following this scheme, alpha amino acids aretransformed into beta amino acids and beta amino acids are turned intogamma, and gamma to delta in turn.

According to Scheme 2, the selected acid (S4) is activated with anappropriate agent such as EDC then coupled to a 6-aminoisoquinoline (S5)using standard coupling procedures to form the desired intermediate(S6). The amine (S6) is reacted with the HCl in methylene chloride togenerate the amide (S7) directly. When an alkyl group is desired to beadded, (S6) is subjected to reductive amination conditions to generatethe N,N-disubstituted compounds of type (S8).

Benzamidines are synthesized using the procedures outlined in Scheme 2,but substituting the para-amino benzamide of choice for the aminoisoquinoline, as shown in Scheme 3.

The benzamide compounds may be synthesized by the general Schemes 6-7set forth below:

According to Scheme 6, the appropriate acid is converted to its acidchloride with oxalyl chloride then reacted with ammonia gas or anotheramine to give the amide. The nitro group is reduced to the aniline withhydrogen or another reducing agent. The aniline is coupled with anappropriate acid using standard coupling procedures such as EDC and DMAPin pyridine.

An alternative synthetic route is outlined in Scheme 7:

According to Scheme 7, the aniline is coupled with an appropriate acidusing standard coupling procedures such as EDC and DMAP in pyridine. Theester is then converted to the corresponding primary amide usingformamide and NaOMe in DMF or to a substituted amide by heating with theappropriate amine in a solvent such as MeOH.

The abbreviations used in the synthetic schemes shown have the followingmeanings: Boc₂O means di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate, DMAP means dimethylaminopyridine, DMSO means dimethyl sulfoxide, HATU means2-(7-Aza-1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate, LDA means lithium diisopropyl amide, DMF isdimethylformamide, THF is tetrahydrofuran, and EDC meansN-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride.

The compounds of the above Formulae and compositions including them havekinase inhibitory activity and are thus useful in modulating the actionof kinases, and in treatment and/or prevention of diseases or conditionsinfluenced by kinases. The above Formulae and compositions may be usedto modulate (e.g., influence or inhibit) the action of kinases either ina cell in vitro or in a cell in a living body in vivo. Specifically, inone embodiment, a method is provided of inhibiting the action of akinase comprising applying to a medium such as an assay medium orcontacting with a cell either in a cell in vitro or in a cell in aliving body in vivo an effective inhibitory amount of a compoundaccording to Formulae I or II or III. In a preferred embodiment, thekinase inhibited is a rho kinase.

Compounds according to Formulae I or II or III are used in methods ofinhibiting kinases in a cell, a tissue or a subject such as a humancomprising contacting the cell with an amount of one or more of thecompounds of the present invention effective to inhibit the kinase. Inone embodiment, the compounds are administered in a pharmaceuticallyacceptable composition, such as in or with a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are usedin methods for modulating the action of a kinase in a cell comprisingcontacting the cell with amount of one or more compounds according toFormulae I or II or III effective to modulate the action of a kinase ina cell. In one embodiment, the compounds of the present invention areadministered in a pharmaceutically acceptable composition, such as in orwith a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Treatment or prevention of diseases or conditions for which thecompounds of the present invention may be useful includes any of thediseases or conditions associated with kinase activity or diseases orconditions affected by kinases. Examples of these types of diseasesinclude retinal degradation, glaucoma, cardiovascular diseases andcancer.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention will beadministered in conjunction with one or more additional therapeuticagents. Suitable additional therapeutic agents include, but are notlimited to, beta blockers, alpha-agonists, carbonic anhydraseinhibitors, prostaglandin-like compounds, miotic or cholinergic agents,or epinephrine compounds.

Beta blockers. These reduce the production of aqueous humor. Examplesinclude levobunolol (Betagan), timolol (Betimol, Timoptic), betaxolol(Betoptic) and metipranolol (OptiPranolol).

Alpha-agonists. These reduce the production of aqueous humor andincrease drainage. Examples include apraclonidine (lopidine) andbrimonidine (Alphagan).

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. These also reduce the production ofaqueous humor. Examples include dorzolamide (Trusopt) and brinzolamide(Azopt).

Prostaglandin-like compounds. These eyedrops increase the outflow ofaqueous humor. Examples include latanoprost (Xalatan), bimatoprost(Lumigan) and travoprost (Travatan).

Miotic or cholinergic agents. These also increase the outflow of aqueoushumor. Examples include pilocarpine (Isopto Carpine, Pilopine) andcarbachol (Isopto Carbachol).

Epinephrine compounds. These compounds, such as dipivefrin (Propine),also increase the outflow of aqueous humor.

The additional therapeutic agent or agents can be administeredsimultaneously or sequentially with the compounds of the presentinvention. Sequential administration includes administration before orafter the compounds of the present invention. In some embodiments, theadditional therapeutic agent or agents can be administered in the samecomposition as the compounds of the present invention. In otherembodiments, there can be an interval of time between administration ofthe additional therapeutic agent and the compounds of the presentinvention.

In some embodiments, the administration of an additional therapeuticagent with a compound of the present invention will enable lower dosesof the other therapeutic agents to be administered for a longer periodof time.

Compounds of the present invention may be obtained in the form ofvarious salts or solvates. As the salts, physiologically acceptablesalts or salts available as raw materials are used.

Compositions may include one or more of the isoforms of the compounds ofthe present invention. When racemates exists, each enantiomer ordiastereomer may be separately used, or they may be combined in anyproportion. Where tautomers exist all possible tautomers arespecifically contemplated.

Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the presentinvention may be formulated in a conventional manner using one or morephysiologically acceptable carriers or excipients. Thus, the compoundsand their physiologically acceptable salts and solvates may beformulated for administration by, for example, solid dosing, eyedrop, ina topical oil-based formulation, injection, inhalation (either throughthe mouth or the nose), implants, or oral, buccal, parenteral or rectaladministration. Techniques and formulations may generally be found in“Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences”, (Meade Publishing Co., Easton,Pa.).

The route by which the compounds of the present invention (component A)will be administered and the form of the composition will dictate thetype of carrier (component B) to be used. The composition may be in avariety of forms, suitable, for example, for systemic administration(e.g., oral, rectal, nasal, sublingual, buccal, implants, or parenteral)or topical administration (e.g., local application on the skin, ocular,liposome delivery systems, or iontophoresis).

Carriers for systemic administration typically comprise at least one ofa) diluents, b) lubricants, c) binders, d) disintegrants, e) colorants,f) flavors, g) sweeteners, h) antioxidants, j) preservatives, k)glidants, m) solvents, n) suspending agents, o) wetting agents, p)surfactants, combinations thereof, and others. All carriers are optionalin the systemic compositions.

Ingredient a) is a diluent. Suitable diluents for solid dosage formsinclude sugars such as glucose, lactose, dextrose, and sucrose; diolssuch as propylene glycol; calcium carbonate; sodium carbonate; sugaralcohols, such as glycerin; mannitol; and sorbitol. The amount ofingredient a) in the systemic or topical composition is typically about50 to about 90%.

Ingredient b) is a lubricant. Suitable lubricants for solid dosage formsare exemplified by solid lubricants including silica, talc, stearic acidand its magnesium salts and calcium salts, calcium sulfate; and liquidlubricants such as polyethylene glycol and vegetable oils such as peanutoil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and oil oftheobroma. The amount of ingredient b) in the systemic or topicalcomposition is typically about 5 to about 10%.

Ingredient c) is a binder. Suitable binders for solid dosage formsinclude polyvinyl pyrrolidone; magnesium aluminum silicate; starchessuch as corn starch and potato starch; gelatin; tragacanth; andcellulose and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose,ethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose. The amount of ingredient c) in the systemiccomposition is typically about 5 to about 50%, and in ocular soliddosing forms up to 99%.

Ingredient d) is a disintegrant. Suitable disintegrants for solid dosageforms include agar, alginic acid and the sodium salt thereof,effervescent mixtures, croscarmelose, crospovidone, sodium carboxymethylstarch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, and ion exchange resins. Theamount of ingredient d) in the systemic or topical composition istypically about 0.1 to about 10%.

Ingredient e) for solid dosage forms is a colorant such as an FD&C dye.When used, the amount of ingredient e) in the systemic or topicalcomposition is typically about 0.005 to about 0.1%.

Ingredient f) for solid dosage forms is a flavor such as menthol,peppermint, and fruit flavors. The amount of ingredient f), when used,in the systemic or topical composition is typically about 0.1 to about1.0%.

Ingredient g) for solid dosage forms is a sweetener such as aspartameand saccharin. The amount of ingredient g) in the systemic or topicalcomposition is typically about 0.001 to about 1%.

Ingredient h) is an antioxidant such as butylated hydroxyanisole(“BHA”), butylated hydroxytoluene (“BHT”), and vitamin E. The amount ofingredient h) in the systemic or topical composition is typically about0.1 to about 5%.

Ingredient j) is a preservative such as benzalkonium chloride, methylparaben and sodium benzoate. The amount of ingredient j) in the systemicor topical composition is typically about 0.01 to about 5%.

Ingredient k) for solid dosage forms is a glidant such as silicondioxide. The amount of ingredient k) in the systemic or topicalcomposition is typically about 1 to about 5%.

Ingredient m) is a solvent, such as water, isotonic saline, ethyloleate, glycerine, hydroxylated castor oils, alcohols such as ethanol,and phosphate buffer solutions. The amount of ingredient m) in thesystemic or topical composition is typically from about 0 to about 100%.

Ingredient n) is a suspending agent. Suitable suspending agents includeAVICEL® RC-591 (from FMC Corporation of Philadelphia, Pa.) and sodiumalginate. The amount of ingredient n) in the systemic or topicalcomposition is typically about 1 to about 8%.

Ingredient o) is a surfactant such as lecithin, Polysorbate 80, andsodium lauryl sulfate, and the TWEENS® from Atlas Powder Company ofWilmington, Del. Suitable surfactants include those disclosed in theC.T.F.A. Cosmetic Ingredient Handbook, 1992, pp. 587-592; Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, 15th Ed. 1975, pp. 335-337; and McCutcheon'sVolume 1, Emulsifiers & Detergents, 1994, North American Edition, pp.236-239. The amount of ingredient o) in the systemic or topicalcomposition is typically about 0.1% to about 5%.

Although the amounts of components A and B in the systemic compositionswill vary depending on the type of systemic composition prepared, thespecific derivative selected for component A and the ingredients ofcomponent B, in general, system compositions comprise 0.01% to 50% ofcomponent A and 50 to 99.99% of component B.

Compositions for parenteral administration typically comprise A) 0.1 to10% of the compounds of the present invention and B) 90 to 99.9% of acarrier comprising a) a diluent and m) a solvent. In one embodiment,component a) comprises propylene glycol and m) comprises ethanol orethyl oleate.

Compositions for oral administration can have various dosage forms. Forexample, solid forms include tablets, capsules, granules, and bulkpowders. These oral dosage forms comprise a safe and effective amount,usually at least about 5%, and more particularly from about 25% to about50% of component A). The oral dosage compositions further comprise about50 to about 95% of component B), and more particularly, from about 50 toabout 75%.

Tablets can be compressed, tablet triturates, enteric-coated,sugar-coated, film-coated, or multiple-compressed. Tablets typicallycomprise component A, and component B a carrier comprising ingredientsselected from the group consisting of a) diluents, b) lubricants, c)binders, d) disintegrants, e) colorants, f) flavors, g) sweeteners, k)glidants, and combinations thereof. Specific diluents include calciumcarbonate, sodium carbonate, mannitol, lactose and cellulose. Specificbinders include starch, gelatin, and sucrose. Specific disintegrantsinclude alginic acid and croscarmelose. Specific lubricants includemagnesium stearate, stearic acid, and talc. Specific colorants are theFD&C dyes, which can be added for appearance. Chewable tabletspreferably contain g) sweeteners such as aspartame and saccharin, or f)flavors such as menthol, peppermint, fruit flavors, or a combinationthereof.

Capsules (including implants, time release and sustained releaseformulations) typically comprise component A, and a carrier comprisingone or more a) diluents disclosed above in a capsule comprising gelatin.Granules typically comprise component A, and preferably further comprisek) glidants such as silicon dioxide to improve flow characteristics.Implants can be of the biodegradable or the non-biodegradable type.Implants may be prepared using any known biocompatible formulation.

The selection of ingredients in the carrier for oral compositionsdepends on secondary considerations like taste, cost, and shelfstability, which are not critical for the purposes of this invention.One skilled in the art would know how to select appropriate ingredientswithout undue experimentation.

The solid compositions may also be coated by conventional methods,typically with pH or time-dependent coatings, such that component A isreleased in the gastrointestinal tract in the vicinity of the desiredapplication, or at various points and times to extend the desiredaction. The coatings typically comprise one or more components selectedfrom the group consisting of cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinylacetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate, ethylcellulose, EUDRAGIT® coatings (available from Rohm & Haas G.M.B.H. ofDarmstadt, Germany), waxes and shellac.

Compositions for oral administration can also have liquid forms. Forexample, suitable liquid forms include aqueous solutions, emulsions,suspensions, solutions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules,suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules, effervescentpreparations reconstituted from effervescent granules, elixirs,tinctures, syrups, and the like. Liquid orally administered compositionstypically comprise component A and component B, namely, a carriercomprising ingredients selected from the group consisting of a)diluents, e) colorants, f) flavors, g) sweeteners, j) preservatives, m)solvents, n) suspending agents, and o) surfactants. Peroral liquidcompositions preferably comprise one or more ingredients selected fromthe group consisting of e) colorants, f) flavors, and g) sweeteners.

Other compositions useful for attaining systemic delivery of the subjectcompounds include sublingual, buccal and nasal dosage forms. Suchcompositions typically comprise one or more of soluble filler substancessuch as a) diluents including sucrose, sorbitol and mannitol; and c)binders such as acacia, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Such compositions mayfurther comprise b) lubricants, e) colorants, f) flavors, g) sweeteners,h) antioxidants, and k) glidants.

In one embodiment of the invention, the compounds of the presentinvention are topically administered. Topical compositions that can beapplied locally to the eye may be in any form known in the art,non-limiting Examples of which include solids, gelable drops, sprays,ointments, or a sustained or non-sustained release unit placed in theconjunctival cul-du-sac of the eye or another appropriate location.

Topical compositions that can be applied locally to the skin may be inany form including solids, solutions, oils, creams, ointments, gels,lotions, shampoos, leave-on and rinse-out hair conditioners, milks,cleansers, moisturizers, sprays, skin patches, and the like. Topicalcompositions comprise: component A, the compounds described above, andcomponent B, a carrier. The carrier of the topical compositionpreferably aids penetration of the compounds into the eye. Component Bmay further comprise one or more optional components.

An effective amount of a compound according to the present inventionwill vary with the particular condition being treated, the age andphysical condition of the patient being treated, the severity of thecondition, the duration of treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy,the route of administration, the particular pharmaceutically-acceptablecarrier utilized, and like factors within the knowledge and expertise ofthe attending physician. For example, an effective amount of thecompounds of the present invention for systemic administration is fromabout 0.01 to about 1000 μg/kg body weight, preferably from about 0.1 toabout 100 μg/kg per body weight, most preferably form about 1 to about50 μg/kg body weight per day. The transdermal dosages will be designedto attain similar serum or plasma levels, based upon techniques known tothose skilled in the art of pharmacokinetics and transdermalformulations. Plasma levels for systemic administration are expected tobe in the range of 0.01 to 100 ng/mL, more preferably from 0.05 to 50ng/mL and most preferably from 0.1 to 10 ng/mL. While these dosages arebased upon a daily administration rate, the compounds of the presentinvention may also be administered at other intervals, such as twice perday, twice weekly, once weekly, or once a month. One of ordinary skillin the art would be able to calculate suitable effective amounts forother intervals of administration.

The compounds of the present invention are useful in a method ofreducing or decreasing intraocular pressure. The compounds of thepresent invention may be administered to a subject in need of treatmentin an amount effective to reduce intraocular pressure. Thus, thesecompounds are useful in the treatment of glaucoma. The preferred routeof administration for treating glaucoma is topically.

The exact amounts of each component in the topical composition depend onvarious factors. The amount of component A added to the topicalcomposition is dependent on the IC₅₀ of component A, typically expressedin nanomolar (nM) units. For example, if the IC₅₀ of the medicament is 1nM, the amount of component A will be from about 0.001 to about 0.3%. Ifthe IC₅₀ of the medicament is 10 nM, the amount of component A) will befrom about 0.01 to about 1%. If the IC₅₀ of the medicament is 100 nM,the amount of component A will be from about 0.1 to about 10%. If theIC₅₀ of the medicament is 1000 nM, the amount of component A will be 1to 100%, preferably 5% to 50%. If the amount of component A is outsidethe ranges specified above (i.e., lower), efficacy of the treatment maybe reduced. One skilled in the art understands how to calculate andunderstand an IC₅₀. The remainder of the composition, up to 100%, iscomponent B.

The amount of the carrier employed in conjunction with component A issufficient to provide a practical quantity of composition foradministration per unit dose of the medicament. Techniques andcompositions for making dosage forms useful in the methods of thisinvention are described in the following references: ModernPharmaceutics, Chapters 9 and 10, Banker & Rhodes, eds. (1979);Lieberman et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets (1981); andAnsel, Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 2^(nd) Ed., (1976).

Component B may comprise a single ingredient or a combination of two ormore ingredients. In the topical compositions, component B comprises atopical carrier. Suitable topical carriers comprise one or moreingredients selected from the group consisting of phosphate bufferedsaline, isotonic water, deionized water, monofunctional alcohols,symmetrical alcohols, aloe vera gel, allantoin, glycerin, vitamin A andE oils, mineral oil, propylene glycol, PPG-2 myristyl propionate,dimethyl isosorbide, castor oil, combinations thereof, and the like.More particularly, carriers for skin applications include propyleneglycol, dimethyl isosorbide, and water, and even more particularly,phosphate buffered saline, isotonic water, deionized water,monofunctional alcohols and symmetrical alcohols.

The carrier of the topical composition may further comprise one or moreingredients selected from the group consisting of q) emollients, r)propellants, s) solvents, t) humectants, u) thickeners, v) powders, w)fragrances, x) pigments, and y) preservatives.

Ingredient q) is an emollient. The amount of ingredient q) in askin-based topical composition is typically about 5 to about 95%.Suitable emollients include stearyl alcohol, glyceryl monoricinoleate,glyceryl monostearate, propane-1,2-diol, butane-1,3-diol, mink oil,cetyl alcohol, isopropyl isostearate, stearic acid, isobutyl palmitate,isocetyl stearate, oleyl alcohol, isopropyl laurate, hexyl laurate,decyl oleate, octadecan-2-ol, isocetyl alcohol, cetyl palmitate,di-n-butyl sebacate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropylstearate, butyl stearate, polyethylene glycol, triethylene glycol,lanolin, sesame oil, coconut oil, arachis oil, castor oil, acetylatedlanolin alcohols, petroleum, mineral oil, butyl myristate, isostearicacid, palmitic acid, isopropyl linoleate, lauryl lactate, myristyllactate, decyl oleate, myristyl myristate, and combinations thereof.Specific emollients for skin include stearyl alcohol andpolydimethylsiloxane.

Ingredient r) is a propellant. The amount of ingredient r) in thetopical composition is typically about 0 to about 95%. Suitablepropellants include propane, butane, isobutane, dimethyl ether, carbondioxide, nitrous oxide, and combinations thereof.

Ingredient s) is a solvent. The amount of ingredient s) in the topicalcomposition is typically about 0 to about 95%. Suitable solvents includewater, ethyl alcohol, methylene chloride, isopropanol, castor oil,ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether,diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, and combinations thereof. Specific solventsinclude ethyl alcohol and homotopic alcohols.

Ingredient t) is a humectant. The amount of ingredient t) in the topicalcomposition is typically 0 to 95%. Suitable humectants include glycerin,sorbitol, sodium 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate, soluble collagen, dibutylphthalate, gelatin, and combinations thereof. Specific humectantsinclude glycerin.

Ingredient u) is a thickener. The amount of ingredient u) in the topicalcomposition is typically about 0 to about 95%.

Ingredient v) is a powder. The amount of ingredient v) in the topicalcomposition is typically 0 to 95%. Suitable powders includebeta-cyclodextrins, hydroxypropyl cyclodextrins, chalk, talc, fullersearth, kaolin, starch, gums, colloidal silicon dioxide, sodiumpolyacrylate, tetra alkyl ammonium smectites, trialkyl aryl ammoniumsmectites, chemically-modified magnesium aluminum silicate,organically-modified Montmorillonite clay, hydrated aluminum silicate,fumed silica, carboxyvinyl polymer, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,ethylene glycol monostearate, and combinations thereof. For ocularapplications, specific powders include beta-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropylcyclodextrin, and sodium polyacrylate. For gel dosing ocularformulations, sodium polyacrylate may be used.

Ingredient w) is a fragrance. The amount of ingredient w) in the topicalcomposition is typically about 0 to about 0.5%, particularly, about0.001 to about 0.1%. For ocular applications a fragrance is nottypically used.

Ingredient x) is a pigment. Suitable pigments for skin applicationsinclude inorganic pigments, organic lake pigments, pearlescent pigments,and mixtures thereof. Inorganic pigments useful in this inventioninclude those selected from the group consisting of rutile or anatasetitanium dioxide, coded in the Color Index under the reference CI77,891; black, yellow, red and brown iron oxides, coded under referencesCI 77,499, 77,492 and, 77,491; manganese violet (CI 77,742); ultramarineblue (CI 77,007); chromium oxide (CI 77,288); chromium hydrate (CI77,289); and ferric blue (CI 77,510) and mixtures thereof.

The organic pigments and lakes useful in this invention include thoseselected from the group consisting of D&C Red No. 19 (CI 45,170), D&CRed No. 9 (CI 15,585), D&C Red No. 21 (CI 45,380), D&C Orange No. 4 (CI15,510), D&C Orange No. 5 (CI 45,370), D&C Red No. 27 (CI 45,410), D&CRed No. 13 (CI 15,630), D&C Red No. 7 (CI 15,850), D&C Red No. 6 (CI15,850), D&C Yellow No. 5 (CI 19,140), D&C Red No. 36 (CI 12,085), D&COrange No. 10 (CI 45,425), D&C Yellow No. 6 (CI 15,985), D&C Red No. 30(CI 73,360), D&C Red No. 3 (CI 45,430), the dye or lakes based onCochineal Carmine (CI 75,570) and mixtures thereof.

The pearlescent pigments useful in this invention include those selectedfrom the group consisting of the white pearlescent pigments such as micacoated with titanium oxide, bismuth oxychloride, colored pearlescentpigments such as titanium mica with iron oxides, titanium mica withferric blue, chromium oxide and the like, titanium mica with an organicpigment of the above-mentioned type as well as those based on bismuthoxychloride and mixtures thereof. The amount of pigment in the topicalcomposition is typically about 0 to about 10%. For ocular applications apigment is generally not used.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, topicalpharmaceutical compositions for ocular administration are preparedtypically comprising component A and B (a carrier), such as purifiedwater, and one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting ofy) sugars or sugar alcohols such as dextrans, particularly mannitol anddextran 70, z) cellulose or a derivative thereof, aa) a salt, bb)disodium EDTA (Edetate disodium), and cc) a pH adjusting additive.

Examples of z) cellulose derivatives suitable for use in the topicalpharmaceutical composition for ocular administration include sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, methylcellulose, andhydroxypropyl-methylcellulose, particularly,hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose.

Examples of aa) salts suitable for use in the topical pharmaceuticalcomposition for ocular administration include mono-, di- and trisodiumphosphate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and combinationsthereof.

Examples of cc) pH adjusting additives include HCl or NaOH in amountssufficient to adjust the pH of the topical pharmaceutical compositionfor ocular administration to 5.0-7.5.

Component A may be included in kits comprising component A, a systemicor topical composition described above, or both; and information,instructions, or both that use of the kit will provide treatment forcosmetic and medical conditions in mammals (particularly humans). Theinformation and instructions may be in the form of words, pictures, orboth, and the like. In addition or in the alternative, the kit maycomprise the medicament, a composition, or both; and information,instructions, or both, regarding methods of application of medicament,or of composition, preferably with the benefit of treating or preventingcosmetic and medical conditions in mammals (e.g., humans).

The invention will be further explained by the following illustrativeExamples that are to be considered to be non-limiting.

Specific procedures for the preparation of beta and gamma-aminoisoquinoline amide compounds and substituted benzamide compounds aredescribed in the following Examples.

All temperatures are in degrees Centigrade. Reagents and startingmaterials were purchased from commercial sources or prepared followingpublished literature procedures.

Unless otherwise noted, HPLC purification, when appropriate, wasperformed by redissolving the compound in a small volume of DMSO andfiltering through a 0.45 micron (nylon disc) syringe filter. Thesolution was then purified using, for example, a 50 mm Varian DynamaxHPLC 21.4 mm Microsorb Guard-8 C₈ column. A typical initial elutingmixture of 40-80% MeOH:H₂O was selected as appropriate for the targetcompound. This initial gradient was maintained for 0.5 minutes thenincreased to 100% MeOH:0% H₂O over 5 minutes. 100% MeOH was maintainedfor 2 more minutes before re-equilibration back to the initial startinggradient. A typical total run time was 8 minutes. The resultingfractions were analyzed, combined as appropriate, and then evaporated toprovide purified material.

Proton magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectra were recorded on either aVarian INOVA 600 MHz (¹H) NMR spectrometer, Varian INOVA 500 MHz (¹H)NMR spectrometer, Varian Mercury 300 MHz (¹H) NMR spectrometer, or aVarian Mercury 200 MHz (¹H) NMR spectrometer. All spectra weredetermined in the solvents indicated. Although chemical shifts arereported in ppm downfield of tetramethylsilane, they are referenced tothe residual proton peak of the respective solvent peak for ¹H NMR.Interproton coupling constants are reported in Hertz (Hz).

Analytical LCMS spectra were obtained using a Waters ZQ MS ESIinstrument with an Alliance 2695 HPLC and a 2487 dual wavelength UVdetector. Spectra were analyzed at 254 and 230 nm. Samples were passedthrough a Waters Symmetry C18 4.6×75 mm 3.5μ column with or without aguard column (3.9×20 mm 5 μl). Gradients were run with mobile phase A:0.1% formic acid in H₂O and mobile phase B: ACN with a flow rate of 0.8mL/min. Two gradients will illustrate:

Gradient A Gradient B Time A % B % Time A % B % 0.00 80.0 20.0 0.00 80.020.0 1.00 80.0 20.0 1.00 80.0 20.0 6.00 25.0 75.0 6.00 25.0 75.0 7.005.0 95.0 7.00 5.0 95.0 8.00 5.0 95.0 8.00 5.0 95.0 9.00 80.0 20.0 9.0080.0 20.0 12.00 80.0 20.0 12.00 80.0 20.0

The settings for the MS probe were a cone voltage at 38 mV and adesolvation temperature at 250° C. Any variations in these methods arenoted below.

The following preparations illustrate procedures for the preparation ofintermediates and methods for the preparation of a beta or gamma-aminoisoquinoline amide derivative or substituted benzamide derivatives.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of tert-butyl2-hydroxy-1-(thiophen-3-yl)ethylcarbamate (E1)

To (±)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetic acid in THFat 0° C. was added BH₃-THF dropwise. The solution was allowed to warm toroom temperature and stirred for an additional 2 hours. The solution wascooled to 0° C., quenched with AcOH (10%)/MeOH and evaporated. Columnchromatography (SiO₂, EtOAc) gave pure tert-butyl2-hydroxy-1-(thiophen-3-yl)ethylcarbamate (E1).

Example 2 Preparation of2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)ethyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate (E2)

To tert-butyl 2-hydroxy-1-(thiophen-3-yl)ethylcarbamate (E1) in CH₂Cl₂was added NEt₃, DMAP, and TsCl. The solution was stirred at roomtemperature for 3 hours and then poured into NH₄Cl (sat) and extractedwith EtOAc, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated. Columnchromatography (SiO₂, 30% EtOAc/Hexanes) gave pure2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)ethyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate (E2).

Example 3 Preparation of tert-butyl2-cyano-1-(thiophen-3-yl)ethylcarbamate (E3)

To 2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)ethyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate (E2) in DMSO was added NaCN, and the solutionwas heated to 90° C. for 2 hours. The reaction was cooled, poured intoNaCl (sat), and extracted with EtOAc. The organics were dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, and evaporated. Column chromatography (SiO₂, 25%EtOAc/Hexanes) gave pure tert-butyl2-cyano-1-(thiophen-3-yl)ethylcarbamate (E3).

Example 4 Preparation of3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoic acid (E4)

To tert-butyl 2-cyano-1-(thiophen-3-yl)ethylcarbamate (E3) in EtOH wasadded NaOH (2M), and the solution was heated to 90° C. for 4 hours. Thereaction was cooled, acidified with HCl, and extracted with EtOAc. Theorganics were dried (Na₂SO4) and evaporated to give pure3-(tert-butyoxcarbonylamino)-3-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoic acid (E4).

Example 5 Preparation of tert-butyl3-(isoquinolin-6-ylamino)-3-oxo-1-(thiophen-3-yl)propylcarbamate (E5)

To 3-(tert-butyoxcarbonylamino)-3-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoic acid (E4) inpyridine was added EDC, DMAP, and 6-aminoisoquinoline. The solution wasstirred for 10 hours at room temperature. The mixture was poured intoNaHCO₃(sat) and extracted with EtOAc, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andevaporated. Column chromatography (SiO₂, 5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) gave puretert-butyl3-(isoquinolin-6-ylamino)-3-oxo-1-(thiophen-3-yl)propylcarbamate (E5).

Example 6 Preparation of3-amino-N-(isoquinolin-6-yl)-3-(thiophen-3-yl)propanamidedihydrochloride (E6)

To tert-butyl3-(isoquinolin-6-ylamino)-3-oxo-1-(thiophen-3-yl)propylcarbamate (E5) inCH₂Cl₂ was added HCl (4N in dioxane), and the solution was stirred for 8hours. The solvents were evaporated to give3-amino-N-(isoquinolin-6-yl)-3-(thiophen-3-yl)propanamidedihydrochloride (E6).

Examples 7-40

Using commercially available compounds and largely the procedures setforth in Examples 1-6 and substituting the appropriate startingmaterials, the compounds 7-11, 13-16, 18-21, and 25 were made, andcompounds 12, 17, 22-24, and 26-40 can be made.

Example X R₃ R₂ R₁ 7 H (S)-C₆H₅ H H 8 H (R)-C₆H₅ H H 9 OH (S)-C₆H₅ H H10 OH (R)-C₆H₅ H H 11 OH (S)-C₆H₅ Me Me 12 H (S)-C₆H₅ Me H 13 H(±)-o-chloro-C₆H₄ H H 14 OH (±)-o-chloro-C₆H₄ H H 15 H (±)-p-fluoro-C₆H₄H H 16 OH (±)-p-fluoro-C₆H₄ H H 17 H (±)-p-fluoro-C₆H₄ Me H 18 H(S)-3-thienyl H H 19 OH (S)-3-thienyl H H 20 H (S)-3-thienyl Me Me 21 OH(S)-3-thienyl Me Me 22 H (R)-3-thienyl Me Me 23 OH (R)-3-thienyl Me Me24 OH (S)-3-thienyl Me H 25 H (S)-2-thienyl Me Me 26 H (R)-2-thienyl MeMe 27 H 3-furyl H H 28 OH 2-furyl Me Me 29 OH 3,5-difluoroC₆H₃ Me H 30 Hm-CH₃ H H 31 H 2-pyridyl H H 32 OH 4-pyridyl Me Me 33 H Benzyl H H 34 HCyclohexyl Me Me 35 H Cyclopropyl H H 36 OH Methyl cyclohexyl Me H 37 H4-fluorobenzyl H H 38 H 2-thiazole Me Me 39 OH 2-oxazole H Me 40 H3-piperdyl Me Me

Example 41 Preparation of methyl 2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetate (E41)

To 2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetic acid in MeOH at 0° C. was added TMS-CH₂N₂.The solution was stirred for 3 hours then quenched with a few drops ofAcOH. The solvents were evaporated. Column chromatography (SiO₂, 3-15%EtOAc/Hex) gave pure methyl 2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetate (E41).

Example 42 Preparation of methyl3-(dimethylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoate (E42)

To methyl 2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetate (E41) in THF cooled to −78° C. wasadded LiHMDS, and the solution stirred at −78° C. for 30 min. ThenN,N-Dimethylmethyleneiminium iodide was added directly and the solutionwas allowed to warm to 0° C. The mixture was poured into NaHCO₃ (sat),extracted with EtOAc, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated. Columnchromatography (SiO₂, 5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) gave pure methyl3-(dimethylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoate (E42).

Example 43 Preparation of 3-(dimethylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoicacid (E43)

To methyl 3-(dimethylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoate (E42) inTHF/H₂O/MeOH was added LiOH*H₂O, and the solution was stirred for 12hours. AcOH was added and the solvents were evaporated. Columnchromatography (SiO₂, 10-15% 2M NH₃-MeOH/EtOH) gave pure3-(dimethylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoic acid (E43).

Example 44 Preparation of3-(dimethylamino)-N-(isoquinolin-6-yl)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanamidedihydrochloride (E44)

To 3-(dimethylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoic acid (E43) in pyridinewas added EDC, DMAP, and 6-aminoisoquinoline. The solution was stirredovernight at room temperature. The mixture was poured into NaHCO₃ (sat)and extracted with EtOAc. The organics were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered,and evaporated. Column chromatography (SiO₂, 5-20% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) gavepure3-(dimethylamino)-N-(isoquinolin-6-yl)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanamide. Thepure compound was taken up in CH₂Cl₂ and HCl was added. The solventswere evaporated to give pure3-(dimethylamino)-N-(isoquinolin-6-yl)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanamidedihydrochloride (E44).

Example 45 Preparation of methyl3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoate (E45)

To pure methyl 2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetate (E41) in THF cooled to −78° C.was added LiHMDS, and the solution stirred at −78° C. for 30 min. ThenN-(bromomethyl)phthalimide was added directly, and the solution wasallowed to warm to 0° C. The mixture was poured into NaHCO₃ (sat),extracted with EtOAc, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated. Columnchromatography (SiO₂, 0-40% EtOAc/Hex) gave pure methyl3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoate (E45).

Example 46 Preparation of 3-amino-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoic acidhydrochloride (E46)

To methyl 3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoate (E45)was added 6 N HCl, and the solution was refluxed for 4 hours. Thesolvents were evaporated to give 3-amino-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoic acid(E46).

Example 47 Preparation of3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoic acid (E47)

To Boc₂O in dioxane at 0° C. was added a cooled solution (0° C.) of3-amino-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoic acid hydrochloride (E46) in 1 N NaOH.The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, then at room temperaturefor 4 hours. The mixture was acidified with HCl and extracted with EtOAcand NH₄Cl (sat). The organics were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andevaporated to give pure3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoic acid (E47).

Example 48 Preparation of tert-butyl3-(isoquinolin-6-ylamino)-3-oxo-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propylcarbamate (E48)

To 3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoic acid (E47) inpyridine was added EDC, DMAP, and 6-aminoisoquinoline. The solution wasstirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was poured intoNaHCO₃ (sat) and extracted with EtOAc. The organics were dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, and evaporated. Column chromatography (SiO₂, 3% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂)gave pure tert-butyl 3-(isoquinolin-6-ylamino)-3-oxo-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propylcarbamate (E48).

Example 49 Preparation of3-amino-N-(isoquinolin-6-yl)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanamidedihydrochloride (E49)

Examples 50-72

To tert-butyl3-(isoquinolin-6-ylamino)-3-oxo-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propylcarbamate (E48)in CH₂Cl₂ was added HCl (4N in dioxane), and the solution was stirredfor 8-10 hours. The solvents were evaporated to give pure3-amino-N-(isoquinolin-6-yl)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanamidedihydrochloride (E49).

Using commercially available compounds and largely the procedures setforth in Examples 41-49 and substituting the appropriate startingmaterials, the compounds 50 and 52-54 were made, and compounds 51 and55-72 can be made.

Example X R₄ R₂ R₁ 50 OH (±)-3-thienyl Me Me 51 OH (±)-3-thienyl H H 52H C₆H₅ H H 53 H C₆H₅ Me Me 54 OH C₆H₅ H H 55 OH C₆H₅ Me Me 56 H(±)-2-thienyl H H 57 OH (±)-2-thienyl Me Me 58 H (R)-C₆H₅ H H 59 H(S)-C₆H₅ H H 60 OH p-fluoro-C₆H₄ Me Me 61 H p-fluoro-C₆H₄ benzyl H 62 HBenzyl Me H 63 H p-fluoro benzyl Me H 64 OH 3-pyridyl H H 65 H 4-pyridylMe Me 66 OH 3-furyl H H 67 H cyclopropyl Me Me 68 H cyclopentyl Me Me 69OH cyclohexyl H H 70 H 3-benzo[b]thiophene Me Me 71 H

H H 72 OH 2-oxazole H H

Example 73 Preparation of a gamma amino acid version. (E73)

To (±)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoic acid (E4)in THF at 0° C. is added BH₃-THF dropwise. The solution is allowed towarm to room temperature and stirred for an additional 2 hours. Thesolution is cooled to 0 ° C., quenched with AcOH (10%)/MeOH, andevaporated. Column chromatography (SiO₂, EtOAc) gives pure tert-butyl3-hydroxy-1-(thiophen-3-yl)propylcarbamate (E73A).

Preparation of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(thiophen-3-yl)propyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate (E73B)

To tert-butyl 2-hydroxy-1-(thiophen-3-yl)ethylcarbamate (E73A) in CH₂Cl₂is added NEt₃, DMAP, and TsCl. The solution is stirred at roomtemperature for 3 hours and then poured into NH₄Cl (sat) and extractedwith EtOAc, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated. Columnchromatography (SiO₂, 30% EtOAc/Hexanes) gives pure3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(thiophen-3-yl) propyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate (E73B).

Preparation of tert-butyl 3-cyano-1-(thiophen-3-yl)propylcarbamate(E73C)

To 3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(thiophen-3-yl)propyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate (E73B) in DMSO is added NaCN, and the solutionis heated to 90° C. for 2 hours. The reaction is cooled, poured intoNaCl (sat), and extracted with EtOAc. The organics are dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, and evaporated. Column chromatography (SiO₂, 25%EtOAc/Hexanes) gives pure tert-butyl2-cyano-1-(thiophen-3-yl)ethylcarbamate (E73C).

Preparation of 3-(tert-butyoxcarbonylamino)-3-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoicacid (E73D).

To tert-butyl 3-cyano-1-(thiophen-3-yl)propylcarbamate (E3) in EtOH isadded NaOH (2M) and the solution is heated to 90° C. for 4 hours. Thereaction is cooled, acidified with HCl, and extracted with EtOAc. Theorganics are dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to give pure4-(tert-butyoxcarbonylamino)-4-(thiophen-3-yl)butanoic acid (E73D).

Preparation of tert-butyl4-(isoquinolin-6-ylamino)-4-oxo-1-(thiophen-3-yl)butylcarbamate (E73E)

To 4-(tert-butyoxcarbonylamino)-4-(thiophen-3-yl)butanoic acid (E73D) inpyridine is added EDC, DMAP and 6-aminoisoquinoline and the solution isstirred for 10 hours at room temperature. The mixture is poured intoNaHCO₃ (sat) and extracted with EtOAc, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered andevaporated. Column chromatography (SiO₂, 5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) gives puretert-butyl4-(isoquinolin-6-ylamino)-4-oxo-1-(thiophen-3-yl)butylcarbamate (E73E).

Preparation of 4-amino-N-(isoquinolin-6-yl)-4-(thiophen-3-yl)butanamidedihydrochloride (E73)

To tert-butyl4-(isoquinolin-6-ylamino)-4-oxo-1-(thiophen-3-yl)butylcarbamate (E73E)in CH₂Cl₂ is added HCl (4N in dioxane), and the solution is stirred for8 hours. The solvents are evaporated to give4-amino-N-(isoquinolin-6-yl)-4-(thiophen-3-yl)butanamide dihydrochloride(E73).

Examples 74-93

Using the general procedure shown for Example 73, the followingcompounds 74-93 can be synthesized from the corresponding6-aminoisoquinoline.

Example X R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 74 H C₆H₅ H H H H 75 OH C₆H₅ H H H H 76 H(S)-C₆H₅ H H H H 77 OH (R)-C₆H₅ H H H H 78 OH (S)-C₆H₅ H H H H 79 H(S)-C₆H₅ H H CH₃ CH₃ 80 H p-fluoro- H H H H 81 H p-fluoro- H H CH₃ HC₆H₄ 82 OH cyclopropyl H H CH₃ H 83 H 3-thienyl H H H H 84 H (S)-3- H HH H thienyl 85 OH cyclohexyl H H CH₃ CH₃ 86 H H C₆H₅ H H 87 H H C₆H₅ CH₃H 88 H C₆H₅ H H CH₂C₆H₅ H 89 H H p-fluoro- H H H C₆H₄ 90 OH H CH₂C₆H₅ HCH₃ H 91 H H 3-thienyl H CH₃ H 92 OH H 2-thienyl H CH₃ CH₃ 93 H Hp-chloro H H H benzyl

Examples 94-110

Using largely the procedure set forth in Example 73 and substituting theappropriate starting materials, the compounds 94-110 can be made.

Example 111 Preparation of 2-methyl-4-nitrobenzamide (E111)

To 2-methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid suspended in CH₂Cl₂ under Ar was addedDMF then oxalyl chloride. The reaction was stirred at room temperature1.5 hours then the solvent was evaporated. The residue was dissolved inTHF and ammonia gas was bubbled through the reaction for 15 minutes. Thesolvent was evaporated and the residue partitioned between EtOAc andwater. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The extracts weredried (MgSO₄), filtered and evaporated. Column chromatography (SiO₂,0-100% EtOAc/Hex) gave pure 2-methyl-4-nitrobenzamide (E111).

Example 112 Preparation of 4-amino-2-methylbenzamide (E112)

2-methyl-4-nitrobenzamide (E111) was dissolved in EtOH under Ar and 10%Pd/C added. The reaction was pump-purged with H₂ and left stirring atroom temperature overnight. The catalyst was removed by filtration andthe reaction concentrated to give pure 4-amino-2-methylbenzamide (E112).

Example 113 Preparation of4-(2-(dimethylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido)-2-methylbenzamide(E113)

To 2-(dimethylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetic acid in pyridine was addedEDC, DMAP and 4-amino-2-methylbenzamide (E112) and the solution wasstirred for 10 hours at room temperature. The mixture was poured intoNaHCO₃ (sat) and extracted with EtOAc. The extracts were dried (MgSO₄),filtered and evaporated. Column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-100% EtOAc/Hex)gave pure4-(2-(dimethylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido)-2-methylbenzamide(E113).

Example 114 Preparation of methyl4-(2-(dimethylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido)benzoate (E114)

To 2-(dimethylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetic acid in pyridine was addedEDC, DMAP and 4-aminobenzoate and the solution was stirred for 10 hoursat room temperature. The mixture was poured into NaHCO₃ (sat) andextracted with EtOAc. The extracts were dried (MgSO₄), filtered andevaporated. Column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-100% EtOAc/Hex) gave puremethyl 4-(2-(dimethylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido)benzoate (E114).

Example 115 Preparation of4-(2-(dimethylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido) benzamide (E115)

Methyl 4-(2-(dimethylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido)benzoate (E114)and formamide dissolved in DMF under Ar were heated to 100° C. The NaOMewas then added and the reaction heated for 2 hours. The reaction waspartitioned between EtOAc and water. The aqueous layer was extractedwith EtOAc. The extracts were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and evaporated.Column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-100% EtOAc/Hex) gave pure4-(2-(dimethylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido)benzamide (E115).

Examples 116-122

Using commercially available compounds and largely the procedures setforth in Examples 111-115 and substituting the appropriate startingmaterials, the compounds 116-122 were made:

Example R1 R2 116 H H 117 Cl H 118 Cl CH₃ 119 H C₆H₅ 120 H CH₃

Example R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 121 H H H (S)-C₆H₅ H H 122 H H C₆H₅ H H H

Examples 123-133

Using commercially available compounds and largely the procedures setforth in Examples 111-115 and substituting the appropriate startingmaterials, the compounds 125 and 127 were made, and compounds 123-124,126, and 128-133 can be made.

Example R1 R2 R3 R4 123 F H H H 124 Cl H H H 125 H H —OMe H 126 Cl Cl HH 127 —OMe H H H 128 H H F H 129 CH₃ CH₃ H H 130 CH₃ H H H 131 H H H OMe132 H H H OH 133 H H H NH₂

Examples 134-180

Using commercially available compounds and largely the procedures setforth in Examples 111-115 and substituting the appropriate startingmaterials, the compounds 134-180 can be made:

Example R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 134 H H 3-thienyl Cl Cl H 135 H H 3-thienyl HH H 136 H H 3-thienyl F F H 137 H H C₆H₆ H H H 138 CH₃ CH₃ C₆H₆ H H H139 CH₃ CH₃ C₆H₆ F Cl H 140 CH₃ CH₃ cyclohexyl H H H 141 CH₃ CH₃—CH(CH₃)₂ H H H 142 CH₃ CH₃ 3-thienyl CF₃ H H 143 CH₃ CH₃ 3-thienyl OCF₃H H 144 CH₃ CH₃ 3-thienyl CN H H 145 CH₃ CH₃ 2-pyridyl H H H 146 CH₃ CH₃3-pyridyl H H H 147 CH₃ CH₃ 4-pyridyl H H H 148 CH₃ CH₃ 2-thienyl H H H149 H CH₃ 3-thienyl H H H 150 CH₃ CH₃ 3-thienyl NO₂ H H

Example R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 151 H H 3-thienyl H H H H 152 CH₃ CH₃3-thienyl H H H H 153 H H H 3-thienyl H H H 154 CH₃ CH₃ H 3-thienyl H HH 155 CH₃ CH₃ 3-thienyl H F H H 156 CH₃ CH₃ 3-thienyl H H F H 157 CH₃CH₃ 3-thienyl H H H F 158 CH₃ CH₃ H 3-thienyl CH₃ H H 159 CH₃ CH₃ H3-thienyl H CH₃ H 160 CH₃ CH₃ H 3-thienyl H H CH₃ 161 CH₃ CH₃ C₆H₅ H H HH 162 H H cyclohexyl H H H H 163 CH₃ H —CH(CH₃)_(2 H) H H H 164 CH₃ CH₃H C₆H₆ H H H 165 CH₃ H H cyclohexyl H H H 166 H H H —CH(CH₃)₂ H H H 167CH₃ CH₃ —C≡C—C₆H₅ H H H H 168 CH₃ CH₃ 3-thienyl H Cl Cl H

Example R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 169 H H 3-thienyl H H H H 170 CH₃ CH₃3-thienyl H H H H 171 H H H 3-thienyl H H H 172 CH₃ CH₃ H 3-thienyl H HH 173 CH₃ CH₃ H H 3- H H thienyl 174 CH₃ CH₃ H H 3- F H thienyl 175 H Hcyclohexyl H H H F 176 H H H —CH(CH3)2 H H H 177 H H H H C₆H₅ CH₃ H 178CH₃ CH₃ H cyclopropyl H H CH₃ 179 CH₃ CH₃ C₆H₅ H H H H 180 H H H4-pyridyl H H H

Example 181

Using commercially available compounds and largely the procedures setforth in Examples 1-6 and substituting the appropriate startingmaterials, the compounds 181-195 were made.

Example X R₁ R₂ R₃ 181 H (S)-C₆H₅ Me Me 182 H (R)-3-thienyl H H 183 OH(R)-3-thienyl H H 184 H (S)-2-thienyl H H 185 OH (S)-2-thienyl H H 186OH (S)-2-thienyl Me Me 187 H (R)-CH₂-3-thienyl H H 188 H(S)-CH₂-2-thienyl H H 189 H (S)-2-furyl H H 190 H (S)-3-pyridyl H H 191H (S)-2-methoxy-5- H H pyridyl 192

193

194

195

Example 182

Using commercially available compounds and largely the procedures setforth in Examples 41-49 and substituting the appropriate startingmaterials, the compounds 196-202 were made.

Example X R₁ R₂ R₃ 196 H (±)-3-thienyl H H 197 H (±)-3-thienyl Me Me 198H C₆H₅ Me H 199 H 4-fluoro-C₆H₄ H H 200

201

202

Example 183

Topical pharmaceutical compositions for lowering intraocular pressureare prepared by conventional methods and formulated as follows:

Ingredient Amount (wt %) beta amino acid isoquinolyl amide 0.50 Dextran70 0.1 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 0.3 Sodium Chloride 0.77 Potassiumchloride 0.12 Disodium EDTA 0.05 Benzalkonium chloride 0.01 HCl and/orNaOH pH 5.5-6.5 Purified water q.s. to 100%

A compound according to this invention is used as the beta amino acidisoquinolyl amide. When the composition is topically administered to theeyes once daily, the above composition decreases intraocular pressure ina subject suffering from glaucoma.

Example 184

Example 183 is repeated using3-amino-N-(isoquinolin-6-yl)-3-(thiophen-3-yl)propanamidedihydrochloride (E6) according to this invention. When administered as adrop 2 times per day, the above composition decreases intraocularpressure and serves as a neuroprotective agent.

Example 185

Example 183 is repeated using a gamma amino acid isoquinolyl amideaccording to this invention. When administered as a drop twice per day,the above composition decreases intraocular pressure.

Example 186

Example 183 is repeated using a benzamide according to this invention.When administered as a drop twice per day, the above compositionsubstantially decreases allergic symptoms and relieves dry eye syndrome.

Example 187

Example 183 is repeated using3-(dimethylamino)-N-(isoquinolin-6-yl)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanamidedihydrochloride (E44) according to this invention. When administered asa drop as needed, the above composition decreases hyperemia, redness andocular irritation.

Example 188

Example 183 is repeated using3-amino-N-(5-chloroisoquinolin-6-yl)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanamidedihydrochloride according to this invention. When administered as a drop4 times per day, the above composition decreases intraocular pressureand serves as a neuroprotective agent.

Example 189

Example 183 is repeated using3-amino-N-(isoquinolin-6-yl)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)propanamidedihydrochloride (E49) according to this invention. When administered asa drop twice per day, the above composition decreases intraocularpressure.

Example 190

Example 183 is repeated using 4-(2-(dimethylamino)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido)benzamide (E115) according to this invention. Whenadministered as a drop twice per day, the above composition decreasesocular pressure, allergic symptoms and relieves dry eye syndrome.

Reference Example One

The cell-based porcine trabecular meshwork (PTM) assay.

The anterior section of porcine eyes was harvested within 4 hourspost-mortem. The iris and ciliary body were removed and trabecularmeshwork cells were harvested by blunt dissection. Finely mincedtrabecular meshwork tissue was plated into collagen-coated 6-well platesin Medium-199 containing 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS). After twopassages at confluence, cells were transferred to low-glucose DMEMcontaining 10% FBS. Cells were used between passage 3 and passage 8.

Cells were plated into fibronectin-coated, glass multiwell plates theday before compound testing under standard culture conditions. Compoundswere added to cells in the presence of 1% FBS-containing DMEM and 1%DMSO. When compounds were incubated with the cells for the durationdetermined to be optimal, the media and compound is removed and cellsfixed for 20 minutes in 3% methanol-free paraformaldehyde. Cells wererinsed twice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and cells arepermeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 for two minutes. Following anadditional two washes with PBS, F-actin was stained with Alexa-fluor488-labelled phalloidin and nuclei are stained with DAPI.

Data was reduced to the mean straight actin-fiber length and normalizedto DMSO-treated control cells (100%) and 50 μM Y-27632 (0%). Y-27632 isa rho-kinase inhibitor known to result in the depolymerization ofF-actin in these cells.

Reference Example Two

Pharmacological Activity for Glaucoma Assay.

Pharmacological activity for glaucoma can be demonstrated using assaysdesigned to test the ability of the subject compounds to decreaseintraocular pressure. Examples of such assays are described in thefollowing reference, incorporated herein by reference: C. Liljebris, G.Selen, B. Resul, J. Sternschantz, and U. Hacksell, “Derivatives of17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinorprostaglandin F_(2α), Isopropyl Ester:Potential Anti-glaucoma Agents”, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1995, 38(2): 289-304.

While the invention has been described in detail and with reference tospecific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in theart that various changes and modifications can be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the invention.

1. A compound of formula (I):

or any optical isomer, diastereomer, enantiomer, tautomer,physiologically acceptable salt, or physiologically acceptable solvatethereof; wherein R₁ and R₂ are, independently, hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl,C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl, C₁-C₄ sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl or C₁-C₄carboxyl; or R₁ and R₂ combine to form a heterocycloalkyl ring of atleast 5 and at most 8 member atoms, or R₁ and R₃ combine to form aheterocycloalkyl ring of at least 5 and at most 8 member atoms; whereinone of R₃ and R₄ is an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a cycloalkylgroup, a heterocycloalkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, or C₂-C₈alkynyl, and the other of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl, thestereocenters being either ‘R’ or ‘S’ in configuration independently;and wherein X₁ and X₂ are, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen,C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, amino, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₄carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl, C₁-C₄sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl or C₁-C₄ carboxyl.
 2. The compoundaccording to claim 1, wherein one of R₃ and R₄ is C₁-C₈ alkyl,cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl.
 3. The compoundaccording to claim 2, wherein R₁ and R₂ are, independently, hydrogen ormethyl.
 4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X₁ and X₂ are,independently, hydrogen, hydroxy, chloro or fluoro.
 5. The compoundaccording to claim 1, wherein one of R₃ and R₄ is C₁-C₈ alkyl,cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl; wherein R₁ and R₂ are,independently, hydrogen or methyl; and wherein X₁ and X₂ are,independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, chloro or fluoro.
 6. The compoundaccording to claim 5, wherein the other of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen.
 7. Thecompound according to claim 1, wherein one of R₃ and R₄ is aryl orheteroaryl.
 8. The compound according to claim 7, wherein one of R₃ andR₄ is thienyl.
 9. The compound according to claim 7, wherein one of R₃and R₄ is monosubstituted phenyl or monosubstituted thienyl.
 10. Thecompound according to claim 9, wherein the substituent is fluoro, chloroor cyano.
 11. The compound according to claim 7, wherein one of R₃ andR₄ is unsubstituted phenyl or unsubstituted thienyl.
 12. The compoundaccording to claim 1, wherein X₁ is hydroxy and X₂ is hydrogen.
 13. Thecompound according to claim 1, wherein a hydroxy is at the 1-position.14. The compound according to claim 1, wherein a hydrogen is at the1-position.
 15. The compound according to claim 1 having a formula of:

X R₃ R₂ R₁ H (S)-C₆H₅ H H H (R)-C₆H₅ H H OH (S)-C₆H₅ H H OH (R)-C₆H₅ H HOH (S)-C₆H₅ Me Me H (±)-o-chloro-C₆H₄ H H OH (±)-o-chloro-C₆H₄ H H H(±)-p-fluoro-C₆H₄ H H OH (±)-p-fluoro-C₆H₄ H H H (S)-3-thienyl H H OH(S)-3-thienyl H H H (S)-3-thienyl Me Me OH (S)-3-thienyl Me Me H(S)-2-thienyl Me Me

or the formula:

X R₄ R₂ R₁ OH (±)-3-thienyl Me Me H C₆H₅ H H H C₆H₅ Me Me OH C₆H₅ H H

or the formula:

X R₁ R₂ R₃ H (S)-C₆H₅ Me Me H (R)-3-thienyl H H OH (R)-3-thienyl H H H(S)-2-thienyl H H OH (S)-2-thienyl H H OH (S)-2-thienyl Me Me H(R)-CH₂-3-thienyl H H H (S)-CH₂-2-thienyl H H H (S)-2-furyl H H H(S)-3-pyridyl H H H (S)-2-methoxy-5- H H pyridyl

or the formula:

X R₁ R₂ R₃ H (±)-3-thienyl H H H (±)-3-thienyl Me Me H C₆H₅ Me H H4-fluoro-C₆H₄ H H


16. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R₁ and R₂ are,independently, hydrogen or methyl; R₃ is hydrogen, R₄ is phenyl; X₁ andX₂ are hydrogen.
 17. A compound of formula (II):

or any optical isomer, diastereomer, enantiomer, tautomer,physiologically acceptable salt, or physiologically acceptable solvatethereof; wherein R₁ and R₂ are, independently, hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl,C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl, C₁-C₄ sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl or C₁-C₄carboxyl; or R₁ and R₂ combine to form a heterocycloalkyl ring of atleast 5 and at most 8 member atoms, or R₁ and R₃ combine to form aheterocycloalkyl ring of at least 5 and at most 8 member atoms; whereinone of R₃, R₄ and R₅ is an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a cycloalkylgroup, a heterocycloalkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, or C₂-C₈alkynyl, and the other two of R₃, R₄ and R₅ are, independently, hydrogenor C₁-C₄ alkyl, the stereocenters being either ‘R’ or ‘S’ inconfiguration independently; and wherein, X₁ and X₂ are, independently,hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl,amino, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₄ carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino, C₁-C₄ alkoxy,C₁-C₄ sulfonyl, C₁-C₄ sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl or C₁-C₄ carboxyl.18. The compound according to claim 17, wherein one of R₃, R₄ and R₅ isC₁-C₈ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl.
 19. Thecompound according to claim 18, wherein R₁ and R₂ are, independently,hydrogen or methyl.
 20. The compound according to claim 17, wherein X₁and X₂ are, independently, hydrogen, hydroxy, chloro or fluoro.
 21. Thecompound according to claim 17, wherein one of R₃, R₄ and R₅ is C₁-C₈alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl; wherein R₁ andR₂ are, independently, hydrogen or methyl; and wherein X₁ and X₂ are,independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, chloro or fluoro.
 22. The compoundaccording to claim 21, wherein the other of R₃, R₄ and R₅ are hydrogen.23. The compound according to claim 17, wherein one of R₃, R₄ and R₅ isaryl or heteroaryl.
 24. The compound according to claim 23, wherein oneof R₃, R₄ and R₅ is thienyl.
 25. The compound according to claim 23,wherein one of R₃, R₄ and R₅ is monosubstituted phenyl ormonosubstituted thienyl.
 26. The compound according to claim 25, whereinthe substituent is fluoro, chloro or cyano.
 27. The compound accordingto claim 23, wherein one of R₃, R₄ and R₅ is unsubstituted phenyl orunsubstituted thienyl.
 28. The compound according to claim 17, whereinX₁ is hydroxy and X₂ is hydrogen.
 29. The compound according to claim17, wherein a hydroxy is at the 1-position.
 30. The compound accordingto claim 17, wherein a hydrogen is at the 1-position.
 31. The compoundaccording to claim 17, wherein R₁ and R₂ are, independently, hydrogen ormethyl; R₃ and R₄ are hydrogen, R₅ is phenyl; X₁ and X₂ are hydrogen.32. A compound of formula (III):

or any optical isomer, diastereomer, enantiomer, tautomer,physiologically acceptable salt, or physiologically acceptable solvatethereof; wherein R₁, R₂ and R₄ are, independently, hydrogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, C₁-C₄ carbonyl, C₁-C₄carbonylamino, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl, C₁-C₄ sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄thioalkyl or C₁-C₄ carboxyl; or R₁ and R₂ combine to form aheterocycloalkyl ring of at least 5 and at most 8 member atoms, or R₁and R₃ combine to form a heterocycloalkyl ring of at least 5 and at most8 member atoms, wherein, one of the R₃ groups is an aryl group, aheteroaryl group, a cycloalkyl group, a heterocycloalkyl group, C₁-C₈alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, or C₂-C₈ alkynyl, and the other R₃ groups are,independently, hydrogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl, the stereocenters being either‘R’ or ‘S’ in configuration independently; wherein n is 1 to 4; andwherein, X₁ and X₂ are, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen,C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, amino, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₄carbonyl, C₁-C₄ carbonylamino, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ sulfonyl, C₁-C₄sulfonylamino, C₁-C₄ thioalkyl or C₁-C₄ carboxyl.
 33. The compoundaccording to claim 32, wherein n is 1 to
 3. 34. The compound accordingto claim 33, wherein n is
 2. 35. The compound according to claim 32,wherein one R₃ is, independently, C₁-C₈ alkyl, cycloalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl.
 36. The compound according toclaim 32, wherein X₁ and X₂ are, independently, hydrogen or chloro orfluoro.
 37. The compound according to claim 32, wherein R₄ is hydrogen.38. The compound according to claim 32, wherein n is 2; wherein one R₃is aryl or heteroaryl; wherein X₁ and X₂ are, independently, hydrogen,chloro or fluoro; and wherein R₄ is hydrogen.
 39. The compound accordingto claim 38, wherein the other R₃ groups are hydrogen.
 40. The compoundaccording to claim 32, wherein one R₃ is aryl or heteroaryl.
 41. Thecompound according to claim 40, wherein one R₃ is thienyl.
 42. Thecompound according to claim 40, wherein one R₃ is monosubstituted phenylor monosubstituted thienyl.
 43. The compound according to claim 42,wherein the substituent is fluoro, chloro, or cyano.
 44. The compoundaccording to claim 40, wherein one R₃ is unsubstituted phenyl orunsubstituted thienyl.
 45. The compound according to claim 32, whereinX₁ and X₂ are hydrogen.
 46. The compound according to claim 32 having aformula of:

R1 R2 H H Cl H Cl CH₃ H C₆H₅ H CH₃

or the formula:

R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 H H H (S)-C₆H₅ H H H H C₆H₅ H H H


47. The compound according to claim 32, wherein n is 2; R₁ and R₂ are,independently, hydrogen or methyl; one R₃ is 3-thienyl or 2-thienyl; theother R₃ are hydrogen; R₄ is hydrogen; X₁ and X₂ are hydrogen.
 48. Acomposition comprising a compound according to claim 1 and a carrier.49. The composition of claim 48, wherein the carrier is saline bufferedto a pH of about 5.5 to about 6.5.
 50. A composition comprising acompound according to claim 17 and a carrier.
 51. The composition ofclaim 50, wherein the carrier is saline buffered to a pH of about 5.5 toabout 6.5.
 52. A composition comprising a compound according to claim 32and a carrier.
 53. The composition of claim 52, wherein the carrier issaline buffered to a pH of about 5.5 to about 6.5.
 54. A method fortreating a disease in a subject comprising: administering to a subjectan effective amount of a compound according to claim 1; wherein thedisease comprises at least one of eye disease, bone disorder, obesity,heart disease, hepatic disease, renal disease, pancreatitis, cancer,myocardial infarct, gastric disturbance, hypertension, fertilitycontrol, disorders of hair growth, nasal congestion, neurogenic bladderdisorder, gastrointestinal disorder, and dermatological disorder. 55.The method of claim 54, wherein the disease comprises an eye disease.56. The method of claim 55, wherein the eye disease comprises glaucomaor a neurodegenerative eye disease.
 57. A method of modulating kinaseactivity comprising: contacting a cell with a compound according toclaim 1 in an amount effective to modulate kinase activity.
 58. Themethod of claim 57, wherein the cell is in a subject.
 59. A method fortreating a disease in a subject comprising: administering to a subjectan effective amount of a compound according to claim 17; wherein thedisease comprises at least one of eye disease, bone disorder, obesity,heart disease, hepatic disease, renal disease, pancreatitis, cancer,myocardial infarct, gastric disturbance, hypertension, fertilitycontrol, disorders of hair growth, nasal congestion, neurogenic bladderdisorder, gastrointestinal disorder, and dermatological disorder. 60.The method of claim 59, wherein the disease comprises an eye disease.61. The method of claim 60, wherein the eye disease comprises glaucomaor a neurodegenerative eye disease.
 62. A method of modulating kinaseactivity comprising: contacting a cell with a compound according toclaim 17 in an amount effective to modulate kinase activity.
 63. Themethod of claim 62, wherein the cell is in a subject.
 64. A method fortreating a disease in a subject comprising: administering to a subjectan effective amount of a compound according to claim 32; wherein thedisease comprises at least one of eye disease, bone disorder, obesity,heart disease, hepatic disease, renal disease, pancreatitis, cancer,myocardial infarct, gastric disturbance, hypertension, fertilitycontrol, disorders of hair growth, nasal congestion, neurogenic bladderdisorder, gastrointestinal disorder, and dermatological disorder. 65.The method of claim 64, wherein the disease comprises an eye disease.66. The method of claim 65, wherein the eye disease comprises glaucomaor a neurodegenerative eye disease.
 67. A method of modulating kinaseactivity comprising: contacting a cell with a compound according toclaim 32 in an amount effective to modulate kinase activity.
 68. Themethod of claim 67, wherein the cell is in a subject.